What pivotal historical influences do you think have most influenced today’s educational system?  How?  Why?

I agree with Sheri that NCLB is a huge influence on education today, but, for the sake of diversity, I’ll cite the common school movement as the foundation of today’s educational system in America. The common school movement established the principal that all children should have a certain kind of formal education and that the government had the responsibility and authority to act in that regard (Kauchak & Eggen, 2005). The nature and structure of our system today still reflects decisions and beliefs established then. Eduction is, by and large, public. It is controlled locally (by the municipalities and states) but with considerable interest and intervention from the federal government. It takes a certain European form, with core subjects, classes, bells and even the layout of classrooms reflecting the ideas of the 19th century.

For better or worse, something the size of the American educational system takes on a life of its own. Teachers have much invested in preserving the usefulness of the skills and experience they possess. Administrators are safest in a static system. Unions protect their own interests and, usually, the interests of the members. For parents, the public school system is the benchmark. The system makes it clear that children must conform to that system and parents seeking alternatives do so at great social risk. Politicians, of course, do what gets them elected and messing with teachers, administrators and parents is rarely a solid electoral strategy. Thus, changes when they happen generally come in the form of more money, more programs, and more demands for output. In the end, the only things that change are things that everybody can agree upon. Everybody will only agree when their individual needs are met. This is frequently not the change that meets the needs of the students.

To be fair, there is more to the current situation than the enormous inertia of a giant human system. There is also the breathtaking uncertainty of what exactly would be a superior system. Would a purely federal system be more efficient or perhaps one managed at the lowest political level, the municipality? Would more art work better, both as subject matter and as an approach to education? Or is more science (again in both meanings) the ticket for superior outcomes? Interestingly, the one thing that seems to have more or less universal agreement are the generalities of what should be taught. ELA, math and science, and a certain amount of civics/history, these are the core that seem beyond dispute. The rest (spirituality, physicality, artistic expression) are largely seen as optional at best, though significant elements of society value them highly. Likewise, there’s no significant pressure to revisit the military-industrial model of the school as established in the 19th century and still dominant today. The organization of students into classes, the rigidity of scheduling, teach/test cycles, classroom structure; all of these seem to be beyond debate in the mainstream.

Given the vast range of alternatives, known and unknown, it is impressive how powerfully the origins of American education echo today. 

Reference

Kauchak, P. & Eggen, P. (2005). Introduction to teaching: Becoming a professional (2nd ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education.

What personal attributes do you feel that teachers should possess to integrate both the art and the science of teaching?

Integrating art and science is one of the great challenges of Western Civilization. The world we have made is increasingly lopsided towards science. The guiding principal seems to be “More, better, faster”. Education continues to move towards science over art and is accelerating. The pressure is towards more time on ‘academics’, less time on the expressive arts (including physical activity and play). The pressure is on more time absorbing data, less time learning to creatively problem solve. Education is limiting towards the left-lobed bottleneck of teaching to tests. Thus the first quality a teacher needs to integrate art and science is an appreciation of the wholeness of knowledge.

Our society is reductionist. We don’t eat broccoli, we take pills with the specialized anti-oxidant properties of broccoli. We don’t drink orange juice, we take vitamin C powder to fight colds. We don’t feed our babies mother’s milk, we feed them ‘formula’. There is a strong and completely arrogant belief that everything can be made better by breaking it down into component parts and isolating the ‘important stuff’. Integrating art and science requires moving against this trend, towards wholeness. Thus, teachers seeking to integrate art and science in how they teach (and what they teach) must have or develop the ability to see the ‘whole’. The first whole to be seen is their objective: to fill their students with the love and desire for knowledge. They must start from there and build their days, weeks and year around the skeleton of joyful learning and the core knowledge appropriate for the class or age. The skeleton should be filled out with wholeness containing the essences of the core learning and the excitement and wonder to make that core learning take place in a context of whole knowledge and fun. This is no small thing. It takes the courage to believe children will absorb the core knowledge from the full mass. It takes the knowledge to find whole knowledge that excites the students. And it take skill to present that is such a way as to appeal to all the different kinds of learners and to tease out the core knowledge from the mass. Finally, it takes the energy to go beyond the curriculum, to create a context and world in which the curriculum can become a valuable, instructive element. 

So to summarize, teachers need specific skills regarding teaching and learning, general knowledge of exciting ‘whole’ subjects, specific knowledge of the core curriculum, the energy to weave them together in a way that captivates the learners and transmits the required data, the courage to do this in the face of a reductionist system and the trust that this art of is an equal and essential partner with the science.

How might statistics be manipulated to support a certain point of view?

I think the entire question of global warming is fascinating as an example of a quest for scientific truth. The subject under study is one that spans millennia yet the data that is studied for signs of change are generally of a century or far less. There are enormous interests advocating and funding the research on both sides. The operating principals of large complex systems such as climate are quite obscure. The ultimate implications of this research is literally world changing. So these are a few factors that manipulate available results:

1) The need to conclude certain things to obtain or retain funding.
2) The political/social pressure to believe certain ‘true’ things.
3) The critical nature of constructing experiments that reveal data meaningful to the question asked. For example, if oceans are or aren’t rising, does that tell anything beyond that fact?
4) The complexity of identifying causation. If the globe is warming, is that due to green house gasses or is it merely a normal fluctuation in the complex system.

Taking these questions as a subset of all the questions, it can be seen that they map exactly to questions in educational research.

1) There are vast and powerful interests in education (publishers, suppliers, politicians, unions, etc). Few of the established powers have interest in meaningful change.
2) Education is a VERY sensitive subject and it touches on societal issues that dwarf the question of education itself.
3) As NCLB demonstrated (at least to me), the exact definition of ‘the problem’ changes solutions and outcomes. The need to ‘verify’ acted at odds with the inherent need for flexibility and breadth in the classroom.
4) Our educational system is both an independent entity and a subset of our societal structure. Isolating ‘school’ performance from ‘societal’ performance in embracing children is nearly impossible.

Given this macro-environment of pressure, how might statistical manipulation take place in the microcosm?

1) Some studies will simply not be funded, depending on the prevailing power matrix.
2) Studies that don’t agree with the vested interest will be maligned, attacked, and/or ignored.
3) Studies will be structured to mine the data for favorable conclusions (or in the case of survey type studies, bias the answers by asking biased questions).
4) Mis-concluding causality.
5) Only the most favorable subset of the subject is chosen for study.
6) Studies which fail to prove the assertion are discarded as ‘flawed’ or ‘failed’.
7) And, not to be ruled out, data is falsified.

Finally, to be meaningful, research must have a context. Few single experiments or studies can meaningfully change behaviors by themselves. But both the promulgation and acceptance of research and the human process by which it is created and aggregated is subject to all the flaws of unscientific bias and blindness that we humans are heir to.

Give examples, if possible, from your own experience.

There is a well known experiment where young children are shown pictures of babies (a pleasant stimulus for them) and given a cord to pull to change those pictures. After that behavior is learned, the cord is unplugged to test the babies’ reaction to that frustration. The study demonstrated that girl babies are quicker to stop pulling the cord than boys. However, in a TV show on this subject, the announcer states something to the effect that ‘the girls are more likely to give up and cry, the boys just keep pulling harder and harder’. This is exactly the kind of thing that makes talking about gender differences SO hard. Obviously, the announcer’s conclusion is unscientific. Truth be told, the experiment only reports the data. The underlying cause of the different behavior is still unknown. Alternative conclusions might be that girls on average are quicker to pick up the pointlessness of pulling on the cord. There are other possible explanations, but the experiment only truly proves that on average boys and girls respond statistically differently under those circumstances. That is all that should be concluded.

This example is further afield, but in my time as a trading manager I watched as massive dollar amounts were shifted from future years into the current year, creating current profits upon which bonuses were paid. Of course, this resulted in impending losses in the future but that was a problem for a different year. But the companies reported these ‘profits’ as if they reflected a result consistent with the long term value of the company rather than a kind of borrowing from the future. Likewise, the very existence of ‘derivatives’ is a kind of statistics manipulation. A derivative is simply a contract that takes the place of a different, physical transaction. For example, could buy stock in GM (a physical transaction) or I could agree in a contract to exchange the value of the change in GM’s price over a specified period. Over that period, both have identical financial risk but they have totally different implications for a company’s balance sheet reporting, cash flow, and possibly risk reporting. Many derivative transactions are done purely for this reason, the impact reported financial statistics. In some cases, derivatives are used to shift profits from the future, as discussed above.

It is also interesting to me that when data is falsified, in finance, science or whatever, there is a strong tendency for the data that was true to be essential knowledge lost. When conclusions are mis-reported, it is often exactly the true conclusion that could change society for the better but that information is not revealed. This is a good lesson in why integrity in research is a paramount value.

  How can your effectiveness as a communicator reflect on your profession? 

A teacher is a pillar of the community. Parents and students look to them to be role models and examples of caring, competence and professionalism. We have already discussed that communication is essential to competence for teachers. Caring is not an innate distinction, it too needs to be expressed, communicated effectively. Finally, there is a credibility component of being a role model or leader. Effective communication is essential in this regard. It does little good to have internal competencies if they cannot be effectively reflected in the world. Communication is the portal from the internal to the external.

Why is it important to work with a variety of different personalities—and learning styles? How can we help others feel like they’re part of a team?

Like DQ1, this subject is a core element of being human. None of us live in isolation or work in isolation, nor would we want to. Working in teams, classrooms, families and communities inevitably means working with people of different personalities and learning styles. Given this, it is fortunate that we are all so very, wonderfully different.

Each person contributes a unique point of view. The solution each would choose will most likely be importantly or even entirely different from all the others. Even the avenues chosen to structure the solution might well be entirely different. And once the group collects the varied perspectives, approaches and solutions, that same diverse team provides the best combination of perspectives to structure an ideal solution.

Once a solution is reached, typically there is a further requirement of implementation. A diverse team is ideal for implementation as well. Each member of the team has a unique perspective on how the group’s plan will be received and might be best presented. In the receiving constituency, there will be similarly diverse humans, each receiving the solution in their own way, with their own perspective. Having a diverse group allows communication and implementation to be tailored individually, or at least tailored to narrower groups of individuals sharing a learning style, cultural perspective or other differentiating factor. Inevitably in any endeavor, there will be feedback, good and bad, and bumps in the road. Having a variety of personalities increases the group’s ability to fully assimilate the feedback or new information and respond in better harmony with the external situation.

Most importantly, being involved with a variety of personalities is FUN, energizing and creatively stimulating. it is the proverbial spice of life to encounter new and different histories, ideas, cultures, philosophies, brains and hearts.

When dealing with any team, especially a diverse one, it is critical to honor the humanity of each individual. We all want respect. We want our ideas to be honored, valued and, at least, in part included. Finally (and subtly for me), teams are not just goal driven. They are a community requiring an open heart and the inclusion of our essential humanity. The best teams are built from relationship to function. Building a team from relationship is the best way to make an integrated team. Integrated teams are the best; robust and highly functional.